![]() The topographic and spatial location distribution data of the fir trees were used to construct a 3D scene of the sample plot in the UE4 3D engine, and the light distribution for each part of the canopy was calculated in a 3D scene by using the annual average photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) as the light parameter, which we combined with the ray-tracing algorithm. ![]() We constructed the canopy curves using a cubic uniform B-spline to construct 3D models of the fir trees in different years. Field surveys of the fir trees in the sample plot were conducted for three consecutive years to obtain longitudinal data of fir tree canopy shape. Using the Huangfengqiao Forestry Farm in You County, Hunan Province, China, as the study area, we selected a typical sample plot. To solve this problem, this study investigated the influence of light on the changes in canopy morphology and constructed a coupled canopy–light model (CCLM) to visually simulate the polymorphism of fir morphology. However, the influence of environmental factors, especially light, on canopy morphology has not been considered, hindering the accurate understanding of the range of characteristics of tree morphology that occur due to environmental changes. The current studies on tree growth simulation have mainly focused on the effect of environmental factors on diameter at breast height and tree height. Environmental factors substantially influence the growth of trees. ![]()
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